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But Notepad is free and open-source, so the motivation is limited. Porting Notepad to another operating system would also break the compatibility with most plugins, essentially fragmenting the Notepad community. So we should provide it the necessary API on Mac, to run Notepad by using virtual machines and emulators.

Quite a bit of effort has been made to make NeoMutt the premier text-mode MIME MUA. Every effort has been made to provide the functionality that the discerning MIME user requires, and the conformance to the standards wherever possible. When configuring NeoMutt for MIME, there are two extra types of configuration files which NeoMutt uses. One is the mime.types file, which contains the mapping of file extensions to IANA MIME types. The other is the mailcap file, which specifies the external commands to use for handling specific MIME types.

As an alternative, Codeweavers CrossOver Mac Professional 7.0.2 uses just the Windows application programming interface (API) to run Windows apps on your Mac, without the Windows OS. 1) Some of the alternative software recommended by Apple requires the use of Linux. You can install it on a Mac, but not on a Mac running macOS natively. You could run one or more Virtual Machines on top of macOS containing other operating systems, however.

MIME is short for “ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension” and describes mechanisms to internationalize and structure mail messages. Before the introduction of MIME, messages had a single text part and were limited to us-ascii header and content. With MIME, messages can have attachments (and even attachments which itself have attachments and thus form a tree structure), nearly arbitrary characters can be used for sender names, recipients and subjects.

Besides the handling of non-ascii characters in message headers, to NeoMutt the most important aspect of MIME are so-called MIME types. These are constructed using a majorand minortype separated by a forward slash. These specify details about the content that follows. Based upon these, NeoMutt decides how to handle this part. The most popular major type is “text” with minor types for plain text, HTML and various other formats. Major types also exist for images, audio, video and of course general application data (e.g. to separate cryptographically signed data with a signature, send office documents, and in general arbitrary binary data). There's also the multipart major type which represents the root of a subtree of MIME parts. A list of supported MIME types can be found in Table 5.1, “Supported MIME types”.

MIME also defines a set of encoding schemes for transporting MIME content over the network: 7bit, 8bit, quoted-printable, base64 and binary. There're some rules when to choose what for encoding headers and/or body (if needed), and NeoMutt will in general make a good choice.

NeoMutt does most of MIME encoding/decoding behind the scenes to form messages conforming to MIME on the sending side. On reception, it can be flexibly configured as to how what MIME structure is displayed (and if it's displayed): these decisions are based on the content's MIME type. There are three areas/menus in dealing with MIME: the pager (while viewing a message), the attachment menu and the compose menu.

When you select a message from the index and view it in the pager, NeoMutt decodes as much of a message as possible to a text representation. NeoMutt internally supports a number of MIME types, including the text major type (with all minor types), the message/rfc822(mail messages) type and some multipart types. In addition, it recognizes a variety of PGP MIME types, including PGP/MIME and application/pgp.

NeoMutt will denote attachments with a couple lines describing them. These lines are of the form:

Where the Descriptionis the description or filename given for the attachment, and the Encodingis one of the already mentioned content encodings.

If NeoMutt cannot deal with a MIME type, it will display a message like:

The default binding for <view-attachments>is “v”, which displays the attachment menu for a message. The attachment menu displays a list of the attachments in a message. From the attachment menu, you can save, print, pipe, delete, and view attachments. You can apply these operations to a group of attachments at once, by tagging the attachments and by using the <tag-prefix>operator. You can also reply to the current message from this menu, and only the current attachment (or the attachments tagged) will be quoted in your reply. You can view attachments as text, or view them using the mailcap viewer definition (the mailcap mechanism is explained later in detail).

Finally, you can apply the usual message-related functions (like <resend-message>, and the <reply>and <forward>functions) to attachments of type message/rfc822.

See table Table 40.7, “Default Attachment Menu Bindings” for all available functions.

There are four(!) ways of viewing attachments, so the functions deserve some extra explanation.

This will use the first matching mailcap entry.

If no matching mailcap entries are found, it will abort with an error message.

Mutt will display internally supported MIME types (see Section 1.2, “Viewing MIME Messages in the Pager”) in the pager. This will respect auto_view settings, to determine whether to use a copiousoutput mailcap entry or just directly display the attachment.

Other MIME types will use the first matching mailcap entry.

If no matching mailcap entries are found, the attachment will be displayed in the pager as raw text.

Mutt will use the first matching copiousoutput mailcap entry to display the attachment in the pager (regardless of auto_view settings).

If no matching mailcap entries are found, the attachment will be displayed in the pager as raw text.

The attachment will always be displayed in the pager as raw text.

The compose menu is the menu you see before you send a message. It allows you to edit the recipient list, the subject, and other aspects of your message. It also contains a list of the attachments of your message, including the main body. From this menu, you can print, copy, filter, pipe, edit, compose, review, and rename an attachment or a list of tagged attachments. You can also modifying the attachment information, notably the type, encoding and description.

Attachments appear as follows by default:

The “-” denotes that NeoMutt will delete the file after sending (or postponing, or canceling) the message. It can be toggled with the <toggle-unlink>command (default: u). The next field is the MIME content-type, and can be changed with the <edit-type>command (default: ^T). The next field is the encoding for the attachment, which allows a binary message to be encoded for transmission on 7bit links. It can be changed with the <edit-encoding>command (default: ^E). The next field is the size of the attachment, rounded to kilobytes or megabytes. The next field is the filename, which can be changed with the <rename-file>command (default: R). The final field is the description of the attachment, and can be changed with the <edit-description>command (default: d). See $attach_format for a full list of available expandos to format this display to your needs.

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To get most out of MIME, it's important that a MIME part's content type matches the content as closely as possible so that the recipient's client can automatically select the right viewer for the content. However, there's no reliable for NeoMutt to know how to detect every possible file type. Instead, it uses a simple plain text mapping file that specifies what file extension corresponds to what MIME type. This file is called mime.types.

When you add an attachment to your mail message, NeoMutt searches the system mime.types file at /etc/mime.types, $SYSCONFDIR/mime.types or $PKGDATADIR/mime.types and then your personal mime.types file at $HOME/.mime.types.

Where $HOME is your home directory. The $PKGDATADIR and the $SYSCONFDIR directories depend on where NeoMutt is installed: the former is the default for shared data, the latter for system configuration files.

Each line starts with the full MIME type, followed by a space and space-separated list of file extensions. For example you could use:

Example 5.1. mime.types

A sample mime.types file comes with the NeoMutt distribution, and should contain most of the MIME types you are likely to use.

If NeoMutt can not determine the MIME type by the extension of the file you attach, it will run the command specified in $mime_type_query_command. If that command is not specified, NeoMutt will look at the file. If the file is free of binary information, NeoMutt will assume that the file is plain text, and mark it as text/plain. If the file contains binary information, then NeoMutt will mark it as application/octet-stream. You can change the MIME type that NeoMutt assigns to an attachment by using the <edit-type>command from the compose menu (default: ^T), see Table 5.1, “Supported MIME types” for supported major types. NeoMutt recognizes all of these if the appropriate entry is found in the mime.types file. Non-recognized mime types should only be used if the recipient of the message is likely to be expecting such attachments.

Table 5.1. Supported MIME types

MIME types are not arbitrary, they need to be assigned by IANA.

NeoMutt supports RFC1524 MIME Configuration, in particular the Unix specific format specified in Appendix A of RFC1524. This file format is commonly referred to as the “mailcap” format. Many MIME compliant programs utilize the mailcap format, allowing you to specify handling for all MIME types in one place for all programs. Programs known to use this format include Firefox, lynx and metamail.

In order to handle various MIME types that NeoMutt doesn't have built-in support for, it parses a series of external configuration files to find an external handler. The default search string for these files is a colon delimited list containing the following files:

1. $HOME/.mailcap

2. $PKGDATADIR/mailcap

3. $SYSCONFDIR/mailcap

4. /etc/mailcap

5. /usr/etc/mailcap

6. /usr/local/etc/mailcap

where $HOME is your home directory. The $PKGDATADIR and the $SYSCONFDIR directories depend on where NeoMutt is installed: the former is the default for shared data, the latter for system configuration files.

The default search path can be obtained by running the following command:

In particular, the metamail distribution will install a mailcap file, usually as /usr/local/etc/mailcap, which contains some baseline entries.

A mailcap file consists of a series of lines which are comments, blank, or definitions.

A comment line consists of a # character followed by anything you want.

A blank line is blank.

A definition line consists of a content type, a view command, and any number of optional fields. Each field of a definition line is divided by a semicolon “;” character.

The content type is specified in the MIME standard “type/subtype” notation. For example, text/plain, text/html, image/gif, etc. In addition, the mailcap format includes two formats for wildcards, one using the special “ *” subtype, the other is the implicit wild, where you only include the major type. For example, image/*, or video will match all image types and video types, respectively.

The view command is a Unix command for viewing the type specified. There are two different types of commands supported. The default is to send the body of the MIME message to the command on stdin. You can change this behavior by using %s as a parameter to your view command. This will cause NeoMutt to save the body of the MIME message to a temporary file, and then call the view command with the %s replaced by the name of the temporary file. In both cases, NeoMutt will turn over the terminal to the view program until the program quits, at which time NeoMutt will remove the temporary file if it exists. This means that mailcap does notwork out of the box with programs which detach themselves from the terminal right after starting, like open on Mac OS X. In order to nevertheless use these programs with mailcap, you probably need custom shell scripts.

So, in the simplest form, you can send a text/plain message to the external pager more on standard input:

Or, you could send the message as a file:

Perhaps you would like to use lynx to interactively view a text/html message:

In this case, lynx does not support viewing a file from standard input, so you must use the %s syntax.

Note

Some older versions of lynx contain a bug where they will check the mailcap file for a viewer for text/html. They will find the line which calls lynx, and run it. This causes lynx to continuously spawn itself to view the object.

On the other hand, maybe you don't want to use lynx interactively, you just want to have it convert the text/html to text/plain, then you can use:

Perhaps you wish to use lynx to view text/html files, and a pager on all other text formats, then you would use the following:

The interpretation of shell meta-characters embedded in MIME parameters can lead to security problems in general. NeoMutt tries to quote parameters in expansion of %s syntaxes properly, and avoids risky characters by substituting them, see the $mailcap_sanitize variable.

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Although NeoMutt's procedures to invoke programs with mailcap seem to be safe, there are other applications parsing mailcap, maybe taking less care of it. Therefore you should pay attention to the following rules:

Keep the %-expandos away from shell quoting.Don't quote them with single or double quotes. NeoMutt does this for you, the right way, as should any other program which interprets mailcap. Don't put them into backtick expansions. Be highly careful with evil statements, and avoid them if possible at all. Trying to fix broken behavior with quotes introduces new leaks – there is no alternative to correct quoting in the first place.

If you have to use the %-expandos' values in context where you need quoting or backtick expansions, put that value into a shell variable and reference the shell variable where necessary, as in the following example (using $charset inside the backtick expansion is safe, since it is not itself subject to any further expansion):

In addition to the required content-type and view command fields, you can add semi-colon “ ;” separated fields to set flags and other options. NeoMutt recognizes the following optional fields:

This flag tells NeoMutt that the command passes possibly large amounts of text on standard output. This causes NeoMutt to invoke a pager (either the internal pager or the external pager defined by the pager variable) on the output of the view command. Without this flag, NeoMutt assumes that the command is interactive. One could use this to replace the pipe to more in the lynx -dump example in the Basic section:

This will cause lynx to format the text/html output as text/plain and NeoMutt will use your standard pager to display the results.

NeoMutt will set the COLUMNS environment variable to the width of the pager. Some programs make use of this environment variable automatically. Others provide a command line argument that can use this to set the output width:

Note that when using the built-in pager, onlyentries with this flag will be considered a handler for a MIME type – all other entries will be ignored.

NeoMutt uses this flag when viewing attachments with auto_view, in order to decide whether it should honor the setting of the $wait_key variable or not. When an attachment is viewed using an interactive program, and the corresponding mailcap entry has a needsterminalflag, NeoMutt will use $wait_key and the exit status of the program to decide if it will ask you to press a key after the external program has exited. In all other situations it will not prompt you for a key.

This flag specifies the command to use to create a new attachment of a specific MIME type. NeoMutt supports this from the compose menu.

This flag specifies the command to use to create a new attachment of a specific MIME type. This command differs from the compose command in that NeoMutt will expect standard MIME headers on the data. This can be used to specify parameters, filename, description, etc. for a new attachment. NeoMutt supports this from the compose menu.

This flag specifies the command to use to print a specific MIME type. NeoMutt supports this from the attachment and compose menus.

This flag specifies the command to use to edit a specific MIME type. NeoMutt supports this from the compose menu, and also uses it to compose new attachments. NeoMutt will default to the defined $editor for text attachments.

This field specifies the format for the file denoted by %s in the command fields. Certain programs will require a certain file extension, for instance, to correctly view a file. For instance, lynx will only interpret a file as text/html if the file ends in .html. So, you would specify lynx as a text/html viewer with a line in the mailcap file like:

This field specifies a command to run to test whether this mailcap entry should be used. The command is defined with the command expansion rules defined in the next section. If the command returns 0, then the test passed, and NeoMutt uses this entry. If the command returns non-zero, then the test failed, and NeoMutt continues searching for the right entry. Note that the content-type must match before NeoMutt performs the test. For example:

In this example, NeoMutt will run the program RunningX which will return 0 if the X Window manager is running, and non-zero if it isn't. If RunningX returns 0, then NeoMutt will run firefox to display the text/html object. If RunningX doesn't return 0, then NeoMutt will go on to the next entry and use lynx to display the text/html object.

x-neomutt-keep tells NeoMutt to notdelete the temporary file after the program has been run.

Using it allows you to control the lifespan of the temporary file. Without this option, the file will be deleted after $timeout seconds.

When searching for an entry in the mailcap file, NeoMutt will search for the most useful entry for its purpose. For instance, if you are attempting to print an image/gif, and you have the following entries in your mailcap file, NeoMutt will search for an entry with the print command:

NeoMutt will skip the image/*entry and use the image/gif entry with the print command.

In addition, you can use this with auto_viewto denote two commands for viewing an attachment, one to be viewed automatically, the other to be viewed interactively from the attachment menu using the <view-mailcap>function (bound to “ m” by default). In addition, you can then use the test feature to determine which viewer to use interactively depending on your environment.

For auto_view, NeoMutt will choose the third entry because of the copiousoutput tag. For interactive viewing, NeoMutt will run the program RunningX to determine if it should use the first entry. If the program returns non-zero, NeoMutt will use the second entry for interactive viewing. The last entry is for inline display in the pager and the <view-attach>function in the attachment menu.

Entries with the copiousoutput tag should always be specified as the last one per type. For non-interactive use, the last entry will then actually be the first matching one with the tag set. For non-interactive use, only copiousoutput-tagged entries are considered. For interactive use, NeoMutt ignores this tag and treats all entries equally. Therefore, if not specified last, all following entries without this tag would never be considered for <view-attach>because the copiousoutput before them matched already.

The various commands defined in the mailcap files are passed to the /bin/sh shell using the system(3)function. Before the command is passed to /bin/sh -c, it is parsed to expand various special parameters with information from NeoMutt. The keywords NeoMutt expands are:

As seen in the basic mailcap section, this variable is expanded to a filename specified by the calling program. This file contains the body of the message to view/print/edit or where the composing program should place the results of composition. In addition, the use of this keyword causes NeoMutt to not pass the body of the message to the view/print/edit program on stdin.

NeoMutt will expand %t to the text representation of the content type of the message in the same form as the first parameter of the mailcap definition line, i.e. text/html or image/gif.

NeoMutt will expand this to the value of the specified parameter from the Content-Type: line of the mail message. For instance, if your mail message contains:

then NeoMutt will expand %{charset}to “ iso-8859-1”. The default metamail mailcap file uses this feature to test the charset to spawn an xterm using the right charset to view the message.

This will be replaced by a literal %.

NeoMutt does not currently support the %F and %n keywords specified in RFC1524. The main purpose of these parameters is for multipart messages, which is handled internally by NeoMutt.

This mailcap file is fairly simple and standard:

These mailcap files shows how to control the lifespan of the temporary file.

This mailcap file shows quite a number of examples:

Usage:

auto_viewmime-type[ /mime-subtype] [ mime-type[ /mime-subtype] ...]
unauto_view{ * [ mime-type[ /mime-subtype] ...]}

In addition to explicitly telling NeoMutt to view an attachment with the MIME viewer defined in the mailcap file from the attachments menu, NeoMutt has support for automatically viewing MIME attachments while in the pager.

For this to work, you must define a viewer in the mailcap file which uses the copiousoutput option to denote that it is non-interactive. Usually, you also use the entry to convert the attachment to a text representation which you can view in the pager.

You then use the auto_viewconfiguration command to list the content-types that you wish to view automatically. For instance, if you set it to:

...NeoMutt would try to find corresponding entries for rendering attachments of these types as text. A corresponding mailcap could look like:

unauto_viewcan be used to remove previous entries from the auto_viewlist. This can be used with message-hookto autoview messages based on size, etc. “unauto_view *” will remove all previous entries.

A multipart/alternative email has several parts that represent the same content in different formats, such as text/plain and text/html. This kind of email is heavily used by many modern mail user agents to send HTML messages which contain an alternative plain text representation. You can read and write multipart/alternative emails in NeoMutt.

NeoMutt has some heuristics for determining which attachment of a multipart/alternative type to display:

1. First, NeoMutt will check the alternative_orderlist to determine if one of the available types is preferred. It consists of a number of MIME types in order, including support for implicit and explicit wildcards. For example:

2. Next, NeoMutt will check if any of the types have a defined auto_view, and use that.

3. Failing that, NeoMutt will look for any text type.

4. As a last attempt, NeoMutt will look for any type it knows how to handle.

To remove a MIME type from the alternative_orderlist, use the unalternative_ordercommand.

Noemutt includes some primitive ability to compose multipart/alternative emails:

1. In the Compose menu, attach the two (or more) alternatives as usual. For example, attach 'invitation.html' and then 'invitation.txt'. (You can reorder them using the <move-up>(-) and <move-down>(+) bindings, and edit the descriptions).

2. Tag the attachments that are alternatives, and press the <group-alternatives>(&) binding to group them together. After this, the separate parts will be replaced by a single new part with the multipart/alternative type and the alternatives must be manipulated or deleted as a group.

3. Send the email as usual.

If all the attachments have been grouped and form a single multipart/alternative, part then this message will be sent as a multipart/alternative email, otherwise it will be sent as a multipart/mixed email.

Note that after grouping, you can't view, edit or break the multipart/alternative bundle, because it is in a temporary form. But you can view and edit its primitive part using the <edit>command. When postponing emails or on error (e.g., no recipients address when sending emails) this multipart/alternative will be broken apart and need to be tagged and group together again as described above.

Be aware that when sending a multipart/alternative email, you have to manually prepare the alternative parts and attach them. However, you can use Neomutt's macro to perform all the operations needed, such that you can compose a plain text email as usual and turn that into a multipart/alternative email in one single command, with one part being text/plain and the other text/html. An example macro will be the following:

Neomutt includes supports for reading and writing multipart/multilingual emails. A multipart/multilingual email is like a multipart/alternative email, except that it comes with parts of different versions of languages instead of appearances. Its format is described by RFC8255.

Neomutt uses the $preferred_languages variable to determine which languages to display when displaying a multipart/multilingual email. You can have several preferred languages, separated by ,

Neomutt will try to match these strings again the multilingual header in the received emails 'by prefix', e.g., en will match both en and en_US.

If $preferred_languages is not set, it default to None, and the first part of the received multipart/multilingual email will be displayed.

The procedures of composing a multipart/multilingual email is similar to those in Composing Multipart/Alternative. You have to prepare every part manually or using some scripts, and then tag and group them together into a multipart/multilingual bundle before sending it:

1. Prepare parts of the multilingual emails.

2. Attach them as attachments.

3. Tag them with <tag-entry>

4. Edit the Content-Language header of every attachment with command <edit-language>(default to Ctrl-L). This is important, otherwise the recipient of this email will not know the corresponding languages. You can set arbitrary string as Content-Language, but it is recommended to set it as some common prefixes such as 'en', 'zh' and 'fr'.

5. Group all the tag messages together by <group-multilingual>(default to ^).

6. Send the email as usual.

As in Composing Multipart/Alternative, you can also use Neomutt's macro and some external scripts to combine these procedure into one.

Note that after grouping, you can't view, edit or break the multipart/multilingual email bundle, because it is in a temporary form. But you can view and edit its primitive part using the <edit>command. When postponing emails or on error (e.g., no recipients address when sending emails) this multipart/multilingual will be broken apart and need to be tagged and group together again as described above.

If you ever lose track of attachments in your mailboxes, NeoMutt's attachment-counting and -searching support might be for you. You can make your message index display the number of qualifying attachments in each message, or search for messages by attachment count. You also can configure what kinds of attachments qualify for this feature with the attachmentsand unattachmentscommands.

In order to provide this information, NeoMutt needs to fully MIME-parse all messages affected first. This can slow down operation especially for remote mail folders such as IMAP because all messages have to be downloaded first regardless whether the user really wants to view them or not though using Section 8.2, “Body Caching” usually means to download the message just once.

By default, Mutt will not search inside multipart/alternative containers. This can be changed via the $count_alternatives configuration variable.

The syntax is:

attachments{ + - } dispositionmime-type
unattachments{ + - } dispositionmime-type
attachments?
unattachments*

dispositionis the attachment's Content-Disposition type – either inline or attachment. You can abbreviate this to I or A.

Disposition is prefixed by either a “+” symbol or a “-” symbol. If it's a “+”, you're saying that you want to allow this disposition and MIME type to qualify. If it's a “-”, you're saying that this disposition and MIME type is an exception to previous “+” rules. There are examples below of how this is useful.

mime-typeis the MIME type of the attachment you want the command to affect. A MIME type is always of the format major/minor, where major describes the broad category of document you're looking at, and minor describes the specific type within that category. The major part of mime-type must be literal text (or the special token “*”), but the minor part may be a regular expression. (Therefore, “*/.*” matches any MIME type.)

The MIME types you give to the attachmentsdirective are a kind of pattern. When you use the attachmentsdirective, the patterns you specify are added to a list. When you use unattachments, the pattern is removed from the list. The patterns are not expanded and matched to specific MIME types at this time – they're just text in a list. They're only matched when actually evaluating a message.

Some examples might help to illustrate. The examples that are not commented out define the default configuration of the lists.

Example 5.2. Attachment counting

Entering the command “attachments?” as a command will list your current settings in neomuttrc format, so that it can be pasted elsewhere.

Entering the command “unattachments*” as a command will Clear all attachment settings.

Usage:

mime_lookupmime-type[ /mime-subtype] [ mime-type[ /mime-subtype] ...]
unmime_lookup{ * [ mime-type[ /mime-subtype] ...]}

NeoMutt's mime_lookuplist specifies a list of MIME types that should notbe treated according to their mailcap entry. This option is designed to deal with binary types such as application/octet-stream. When an attachment's MIME type is listed in mime_lookup, then the extension of the filename will be compared to the list of extensions in the mime.types file. The MIME type associated with this extension will then be used to process the attachment according to the rules in the mailcap file and according to any other configuration options (such as auto_view) specified. Common usage would be:

In addition, the unmime_lookup command may be used to disable this feature for any particular MIME type if it had been set, for example, in a global .neomuttrc.